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IBR long form is Indian Boiler Regulation Act. Normally Steam lines with conditions listed below comes under IBR purview • Lines for which design pressure is 3.5 kg/sq cm and above. • Line size above 10” having design pressure 1.0 kg/sq cm and above. • Boiler feed water lines to steam generator, condensate lines to steam generator and flash drum.Read More…

Drip leg is required to remove Condensate when there is a rise in the pipe along the flow direction. If we do not provide the drip leg in steam line, the condensate which forms inside the pipe will result in Water Hammer effect causing damage to piping system.Read More…

Stress analysis is carried out to ensure that the stresses in piping components in the system are within allowable limits. To solve dynamic problems developed due to mechanical vibration, fluid hammer, pulsation, relief valves, etc. Additionally to solve problems associated due to higher or lower operating temperature as: – Displacement stress range. – Nozzle loading on connected equipment. –Read More…

Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) is the ratio of maximum stress intensity to normal stress. It is used as safe factor to account for the effect of localised stress on piping under respective loading. In piping it is applied to welds, fittings, branch connections etc where stress concentration and possible fatigue failure may occur. Example: – SIF for Reducer and Weld-neck Flange is 1.0 SIF for sockRead More…

To remove condensate when there is a rise of same in the pipe along the flow direction. If drip leg is not provided in steam line, the condensate which forms inside the pipe will result in Water Hammer effect causing damage to piping system.Read More…

Localised stresses at Nozzle to Shell is calculated by WRC 107 / 297 and these computed stress values shall be limited in accordance with ASME Sec VIII for Pressure Vessels.Read More…

Holiday Detector is used for surface coating and wrapping defects.Read More…

These pumps are classified based on impeller design and used mainly for high capacity pumps and to increase NPSH. The Single stage pump has one impeller and multi-stage pump has two or more impellers in series. The discharge of one impeller is the suction of the next one.  Head developed in all the stages are combined for calculation.Read More…

When liquid vaporizes its volume increases drastically, hence for adequate running of pumps, vaporization of the liquid shall be avoided during operation, since pumps are designed to handle liquid and not vapor.  For e.g. for same or room temperature 4 ft3 of water becomes 3400 ft3 of vapor. The vaporization begins when vapor pressure of the liquid at the operating temperature equals the exterRead More…

Consumption norms are different for piping, structure or support fabrication at shop. Below are norms for dissolved acetylene and oxygen. Dissolved Acetylene (D.A.) for piping work : 0.0140 Cu-M/ inch dia. Oxygen (O2) for piping work : 0.0510 Cu-M/ inch dia. Dissolved Acetylene (D.A.) For structural work : 2.2 Cu-M/ inch dia. Oxygen (O2) For structural work : 8.0 Cu-M/ inch dia. Dissolved ARead More…